ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯂꯦꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ ꯍꯦꯛꯁ ꯀꯞꯂꯤꯡ ꯅꯇꯁ .

ꯑꯦ.ꯋꯥꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯐꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯔꯁ (ꯑꯩꯆ.ꯏ.ꯕꯤ.ꯏ.ꯑꯥꯏ.) ꯀꯣ., ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯂꯦꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ ꯍꯦꯛꯁ ꯀꯞꯂꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯔꯤꯌꯦꯟꯁ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯆꯥꯅꯕꯤꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯊꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯂꯦꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ ꯍꯦꯛꯁ ꯀꯞꯂꯤꯡ ꯅꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯀꯟꯁꯂꯇꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯥ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯅꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫

 

 

ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯁ ꯐꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯤꯡ ꯁꯣꯂꯨꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯑꯦ.ꯋꯥꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯑꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯑꯥꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯅꯛꯅꯅꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯁꯔꯚꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯗꯒꯤ, ꯑꯦ.ꯋꯥꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯅꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯛꯇꯥ ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯐꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯁꯣꯜꯕ ꯇꯧꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯅꯕꯥ, ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯣꯀꯍꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯅꯥ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯣꯏ꯫

 

ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯥ

 

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ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ	ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯂꯦꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ ꯍꯦꯛꯁ ꯀꯞꯂꯤꯡ ꯅꯇꯁ .
ꯃꯗꯨꯁꯨ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯅꯈꯤ	ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯍꯦꯛꯁ ꯀꯞꯂꯤꯡ ꯅꯇꯁ
ꯃꯆꯥꯛ	ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯂꯦꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤ꯫
ꯊꯥꯛ	ꯗꯤꯟ ꯱꯴꯷꯹ ꯂꯩ꯫
ꯊꯥꯛ	A
ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯁꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯌꯨ.ꯑꯦꯁ.	A4-50
ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ .	M6, M8, M10, M12, M16, M20, M24, M30
ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯕ	ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯟ / ꯄꯁꯦꯁꯤꯕ / ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯥ .
ꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ .	ꯃꯄꯥꯅꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯛꯁ .
ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯃꯈꯜ	ꯀꯣꯔꯁ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯴.

 

ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯦꯟꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ .

 

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ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ d	M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30
P ꯍꯨꯟꯅꯕ d2 d1 ꯃꯦꯛꯁ ꯳. ꯃꯤꯟ ꯃꯤꯟ . L ꯅꯣꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯁꯥꯏꯖ ꯴. ꯃꯦꯛꯁ ꯳. ꯃꯤꯟ ꯃꯤꯟ . s ꯃꯦꯛꯁ ꯳. ꯃꯤꯟ ꯃꯤꯟ . m ≈ t ≈	1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.5 3 3.5 / / / / / 21 26 32 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 30 35 45 55 75 95 115 125 30.5 35.8 45.8 55.8 75.8 95.8 115.8 126.2 29.5 34.2 44.2 54.2 74.2 94.2 114.2 123.8 10 13 16 18 24 30 36 46 9.78 12.73 15.73 17.73 23.67 29.16 35 45 22.5 25 33 40 55 24 29 36 9.5 12 14 17 22 26 31 38

1, ꯂꯦꯐꯠ-ꯍꯦꯟꯗ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ, ꯑꯣꯄꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ Lꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯍꯦꯛꯁꯥꯒꯣꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯣꯔꯅꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯠꯄꯥ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ꯫ 2, ꯔꯥꯏꯠ-ꯍꯦꯟꯗ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯂꯣꯌꯁꯉꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ

 

 

ꯄ꯭ꯔꯗꯛꯇꯀꯤ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄꯥ ꯃꯔꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡ

 

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ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ .

 

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ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ

 

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1. ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯂꯦꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ ꯍꯦꯛꯁ ꯀꯞꯂꯤꯡ ꯅꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯇꯨꯡ ꯀꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ-ꯂꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯅꯔꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯩ꯫

2. ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯌꯥꯝꯂꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯝꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏ, ꯉꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯜꯀ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ-ꯊꯨꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯂꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ꯫

꯳.ꯀꯣꯔꯣꯁꯤꯟ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯥ, ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯆꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯈꯅꯕꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯇꯦꯟꯁꯂꯦꯠ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯡꯊ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫

꯴.ꯃꯁꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯟꯁꯠꯔꯛꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯀꯁꯤꯡ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯅꯤꯛꯁ, ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯑꯦꯁꯟ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯣꯐꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯒ꯭ꯌꯥꯖꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯥꯏꯑꯦꯟꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫

꯵.ꯑꯦ.ꯋꯥꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯒꯤ ꯐꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯃꯒꯤ ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯦꯇꯔ ꯇꯧꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯥꯕꯨ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯂꯦ꯫

꯶.ꯑꯌꯥ ꯐꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯊꯛ-ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯂꯦꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ ꯍꯦꯛꯁ ꯀꯞꯂꯤꯡ ꯅꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯒꯔꯦꯟꯇꯤ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫

 

ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯏꯟꯁꯄꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ

 

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ꯄꯦꯀꯦꯖꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯅꯔ ꯂꯣꯗꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ

 

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ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯅꯥꯔꯤꯑꯣꯁꯤꯡ .

 

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ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥ?

 

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ꯑꯦ.ꯋꯥꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯅꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯕꯗꯒꯤ 1000+ ꯃꯦꯝꯕꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯛꯂꯨꯁꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ, ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯆꯦꯟ ꯁꯔꯚꯤꯁ ꯁꯣꯂꯨꯁꯟ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯒꯥ, ꯑꯗꯣꯝꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯛꯂꯨꯁꯤꯕ ꯐꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯤꯡ ꯁꯣꯂꯨꯁꯟ ꯐꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯣꯔ-ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯁꯔꯚꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯂꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫

ꯍꯠ ꯇꯦꯒꯁ: ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯂꯦꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ ꯍꯦꯛꯁ ꯀꯞꯂꯤꯡ ꯅꯇꯁ, ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥ, ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔꯤ, ꯌꯣꯅꯕꯥ, ꯃꯃꯜ, ꯌꯣꯅꯕꯥ, ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯕꯥ