ꯇ꯭ꯔꯁ ꯍꯦꯗ ꯐꯤꯂꯤꯄꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨꯁꯤꯡ .
ꯁ꯭ꯠꯌꯥꯟꯗꯥꯔꯗ: ꯑꯦ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯏ.ꯕꯤ ꯱꯸.꯶.꯳.
ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯃꯈꯜ: ꯑꯀꯪꯕꯥ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ / ꯐꯥꯏꯟ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ
ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ: ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕꯥ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ
ꯄꯣꯠꯂꯝ: ꯇ꯭ꯔꯁ ꯍꯦꯗ ꯐꯤꯂꯤꯄꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨꯁꯤꯡ
ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯁꯨ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯅꯈꯤ: ꯇ꯭ꯔꯁ ꯍꯦꯗ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨꯁꯤꯡ
ꯃꯆꯥꯛ: ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ .
ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯁ: ꯴.꯶/꯴.꯸, ꯵.꯶, ꯵.꯸, ꯶.꯸, ꯸.꯸, ꯹.꯸, ꯱꯰.꯹, ꯱꯲.꯹.
ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯛ: ꯰#, ꯱#, ꯲#, ꯳#, ꯴#, ꯵#, ꯶#, ꯸#, ꯱꯰#, ꯱꯲#, ꯱/꯴, ꯵/꯱꯶, ꯳/꯸, ꯷/꯱꯶, ꯱/꯲, ꯹/꯱꯶, ꯵/꯸, ꯳/꯸,
ꯐꯤꯅꯤꯁ: ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯟ, ꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯛ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ, ꯖꯤꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ, ꯍꯣꯠ ꯗꯤꯞꯄꯤꯡ ꯒ꯭ꯌꯥꯂꯚꯥꯅꯥꯏꯖꯗ, ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ, ꯗꯥꯛꯔꯣꯃꯦꯠ, ꯐꯣꯁꯐꯦꯇꯤꯡ, ꯀꯦꯗꯃꯤꯌꯝ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯞꯂꯦꯠ, ꯅꯤꯀꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ
ꯍꯦꯗ ꯃꯈꯜ: ꯄꯥꯟ ꯍꯦꯗ
ꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯚ ꯃꯈꯜ: ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯁ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯚ
ꯑꯂꯇꯔꯅꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ: ꯖꯤ.ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯕꯤ.
ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯣ.ꯀ꯭ꯌꯨ.: ꯱꯰꯰꯰ꯀꯤ.ꯒ꯭ꯔꯥ.
ꯂꯤꯗ ꯇꯥꯏꯝ: ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯳꯰ꯗꯒꯤ ꯶꯰ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ
ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ .
ꯑꯦ.ꯋꯥꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯒꯤ ꯐꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯔꯁ (ꯑꯩꯆ.ꯏ.ꯕꯤ.ꯏ.) ꯀꯣ., ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯇꯦꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯁ ꯍꯦꯗ ꯐꯤꯂꯤꯄꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯔꯤꯌꯦꯟꯁ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯆꯥꯅꯕꯤꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯊꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯁ ꯍꯦꯗ ꯐꯤꯂꯤꯄꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯀꯟꯁꯂꯇꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯥ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯅꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫

ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯁ ꯐꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯤꯡ ꯁꯣꯂꯨꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯑꯦ.ꯋꯥꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯑꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯑꯥꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯅꯛꯅꯅꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯁꯔꯚꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯗꯒꯤ, ꯑꯦ.ꯋꯥꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯅꯥ ꯈꯨꯗꯛꯇꯥ ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯐꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯁꯣꯜꯕ ꯇꯧꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯅꯕꯥ, ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯣꯀꯍꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯅꯥ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯣꯏ꯫
ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯥ
| ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ | ꯇ꯭ꯔꯁ ꯍꯦꯗ ꯐꯤꯂꯤꯄꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨꯁꯤꯡ . |
| ꯃꯗꯨꯁꯨ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯅꯈꯤ | ꯇ꯭ꯔꯁ ꯍꯦꯗ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨꯁꯤꯡ . |
| ꯃꯆꯥꯛ | ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯟ. |
| ꯊꯥꯛ | ꯑꯦ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯏ.ꯕꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯱꯸.꯶.꯳. |
| ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯁꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯌꯨ.ꯑꯦꯁ. | 4.6-12.9 |
|
ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ . |
0#, 1#, 2#, 3#, 4#, 5#, 6#, 8#, 10#, 12#, 1/4, 5/16, 3/8, 7/16, 1/2, 9/16, 5/8, 3/4 |
| ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯕ | ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯟ, ꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯛ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯥꯏꯗ, ꯖꯤꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ, ꯍꯣꯠ ꯗꯤꯞꯄꯤꯡ ꯒ꯭ꯌꯥꯂꯚꯥꯅꯥꯏꯖꯗ, ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ, ꯗꯥꯛꯔꯣꯃꯦꯠ, ꯐꯣꯁꯐꯦꯇꯤꯡ, ꯀꯦꯗꯃꯤꯌꯝ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯠꯔꯣꯞꯂꯦꯠ, ꯅꯤꯀꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ |
| ꯍꯦꯗ ꯇꯥꯏꯞ ꯴. | ꯄꯥꯟ ꯍꯦꯗ ꯴. |
| ꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ . | ꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯁ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯕ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ |
| ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯃꯈꯜ | ꯀꯣꯔꯁ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ / ꯐꯥꯏꯟ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ . |
| ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯂꯦꯡꯗꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ | ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯕꯥ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ |
| ꯑꯂꯇꯔꯅꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ | ꯖꯤ.ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯕꯤ ꯱꯱꯱꯱ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯟ. |
ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯦꯟꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯕꯜ .

| ꯅꯣꯝ . d |
P ꯌꯨ.ꯑꯦꯟ.ꯁꯤ. |
ꯗꯤ.ꯀꯦ. | k | ||
| ꯃꯦꯛꯁ ꯳. | ꯃꯤꯟ ꯃꯤꯟ . | ꯃꯦꯛꯁ ꯳. | ꯃꯤꯟ ꯃꯤꯟ . | ||
| #0 | 80 | 0.131 | 0.119 | 0.037 | 0.029 |
| #1 | 64 | 0.164 | 0.149 | 0.045 | 0.037 |
| #2 | 56 | 0.194 | 0.180 | 0.053 | 0.044 |
| #3 | 48 | 0.226 | 0.211 | 0.061 | 0.051 |
| #4 | 40 | 0.257 | 0.241 | 0.069 | 0.059 |
| #5 | 40 | 0.289 | 0.272 | 0.078 | 0.066 |
| #6 | 32 | 0.321 | 0.303 | 0.086 | 0.074 |
| #8 | 32 | 0.384 | 0.364 | 0.102 | 0.088 |
| #10 | 24 | 0.448 | 0.425 | 0.118 | 0.103 |
| #12 | 24 | 0.511 | 0.487 | 0.134 | 0.118 |
| 1/4 | 20 | 0.573 | 0.546 | 0.150 | 0.133 |
| 5/16 | 18 | 0.698 | 0.666 | 0.183 | 0.162 |
| 3/8 | 16 | 0.823 | 0.787 | 0.215 | 0.191 |
| 7/16 | 14 | 0.948 | 0.907 | 0.248 | 0.221 |
| 1/2 | 13 | 1.073 | 1.028 | 0.280 | 0.250 |
| 9/16 | 12 | 1.198 | 1.149 | 0.312 | 0.279 |
| 5/8 | 11 | 1.323 | 1.269 | 0.345 | 0.309 |
| 3/4 | 10 | 1.573 | 1.511 | 0.410 | 0.368 |
ꯄ꯭ꯔꯗꯛꯇꯀꯤ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄꯥ ꯃꯔꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡ

ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ .

ꯇ꯭ꯔꯁ ꯍꯦꯗ ꯐꯤꯂꯤꯄꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ
1. ꯇ꯭ꯔꯁ ꯍꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯏꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯚꯔꯁꯥꯏꯖ ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯟꯗꯔꯀꯠ ꯕꯣꯠꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫
2. ꯂꯣ-ꯍꯥꯏꯠ ꯔꯎꯟꯗ ꯗꯣꯝ ꯇꯞꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫
3. ꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯕꯦꯔꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯗꯥꯏꯑꯦꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯚꯔ ꯇꯧꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯏ꯫ ꯁꯔꯐꯦꯁ ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯆꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯨꯄꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯊꯤꯡꯏ꯫
꯴.ꯑꯣꯇꯣꯃꯣꯇꯤꯕꯇꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯤꯡ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯁ ꯍꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ꯫
꯵.ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨꯒꯤ ꯕꯜꯀ ꯄꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯍꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯃꯂꯗꯥ ꯌꯣꯜꯂꯤ꯫
꯶.ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯇꯤꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯗꯣꯃꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯥꯅꯥ ꯌꯧꯍꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ꯫
ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯏꯟꯁꯄꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ

ꯄꯦꯀꯦꯖꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯅꯔ ꯂꯣꯗꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ

ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯅꯥꯔꯤꯑꯣꯁꯤꯡ .

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥ?
ꯑꯦ.ꯋꯥꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯅꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯕꯗꯒꯤ 1000+ ꯃꯦꯝꯕꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯛꯂꯨꯁꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ, ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯆꯦꯟ ꯁꯔꯚꯤꯁ ꯁꯣꯂꯨꯁꯟ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯒꯥ, ꯑꯗꯣꯝꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯛꯂꯨꯁꯤꯕ ꯐꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯅꯤꯡ ꯁꯣꯂꯨꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ-ꯗꯣꯔ ꯁꯔꯚꯤꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯗꯣꯔ- ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯏꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯥꯎꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫
ꯍꯠ ꯇꯦꯒꯁ: ꯇ꯭ꯔꯁ ꯍꯦꯗ ꯐꯤꯂꯤꯄꯁ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ, ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥ, ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯔꯤ, ꯌꯣꯅꯕꯥ, ꯃꯃꯜ, ꯌꯣꯅꯕꯥ, ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯥꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯕꯥ














